Language Information
The Polish alphabet is based on
the Latin alphabet but uses diacritics, superior dot and ogonek (Ą). Polish orthography also includes digraphs and trigraphs.
Notes:
- ą = [ o ]
before l or ł
- ę = [ e ]
before l or ł or at the end of a word
- The i in ci, dzi, ni, si and zi is
not pronounced when they are followed by another vowel
- u sometimes = [w]
in loanwords like auto [awtɔ] 'car'
In Polish the stress falls generally on the
penultimate (last but one) syllable.
Exceptions include:
- verbs in
first and second person plural past tense - stress on the last but two
syllable
- verbs in
conditional tense - stress on the last but two syllable
- verbs in
first and second person plural conditional tense - stress on the last but
three syllable
- some words
borrowed from Latin can optionally be stressed on the last but two
syllable, but this has mostly fallen out of use in last 50 years.
Polish pronunciation is actually a lot more complicated.
Polish language has quite difficult grammar. There
is a complex gender system with five genders: neuter, feminine and three
masculine genders (personal, animate and inanimate). There are 7 cases and 2
numbers.
Nouns, adjectives and verbs are inflected, and both noun declension and verb conjugation are highly irregular. Every verb is either perfective or imperfective.
Basic word order
in Polish is subject-verb-object,
however it is possible to move words around in the sentence, and to drop
subject, object or even sometimes verb, if they are obvious from context.
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